--------------------------------

Amazon Bio-technology books. jokes, food, ...
Genome
Matt Ridley
New $11.20!   
 
How to Build a Time Machine
P. C. W. Davies  
Bioinformatics for Dummies
Jean-Michel Claverie  
Cartoon Guide to Genetics
Larry Gonick  
The Immortal Cell
-------------------



 
Amazon search for: Nano nanoparticles
-------------------------------------

Genes Brain And Behavior
Blackwell Publishing Ltd
New $422.15!   
Bba Gene Structure And Expression
Elsevier Bv  
Gene Therapy And Molecular Biology
Intl Soc Gene Therapy Mole Bio  
Development Genes And Evolution
Springer Verlag Germany  
Recombinant Dna - Gene Cloning & Sequencing
Inst For Scientific Info 
gene
----

he X Factor
Marianna Haun
The Principles of Clinical Cytogenet...
Steven L. Gersen
The X in Sex
David Bainbridge
Handbook of Statistical Genetics
D. J. Balding
Chromatin and Gene Regulation
Bryan M. Turner
Chromosome Abnormalities and Genetic...
R. J. M. Gardner
The Calcutta Chromosome
Amitav Ghosh
New $11.20!  
Chromosome 6
Robin Cook
Chromosome 6
Robin Cook

Cellular structure - The Chromosome 
Chromosome
----------
New Aids drug has come along using a very small molicule!
Aids virus has already become resistant to most currently used drugs.
More to come soon!

Is anyone studying why some people have a

natural immunity to AIDS?

Main Topics Cells DNA RNA Chromosomes Cell Division Introduction New Oct-08-2002 New Scientist        Scientists get rewarded handsomely for        their discovery of how 100        genes control all cellular division. New Scientist: Silicon and cells Great new genetic self-decoding bio-machine photos!    Latest pictures in the gene self decoding bio-machine The cell of any plant or cellular organism (which includes ourselves), is highly complex! However, one of the most interesting aspects of the cells functions, is how it reproduces itself! The millions of DNA chemically encoded instructions that are unwound from each chromosome and exactly reproduced and rewound again forming a duplicate of themselves prior to cell division is some feat! (1.7 meters length worth of helical DNA code wound up on 23 chromosomes, in each cell which is typically 10-20um wide). This cellular division, which occurs thousands of times in our bodies each and every day, is unquestionably one of natures most amazing feats. This extraordinary process, of which I will attempt to explain the basic concepts of below. I will not however, cover meiosis which is somewhat different than normal cell division called mitosis. First however, let us look at some basic concepts of the cell in general, followed by the main part of the cell (the nucleus) where the chromosomes/DNA are located, RNA and its sub-components and finally - how cell division actually takes place. In a bacteria, DNA Chromosomes are located somewhere deep within the cell yet extrachromosomal can be located away from the chromosome it's self. See Detailed Diagram of Cell and all it's componenets Human Cells The variety of human cells. After fertilization by a sperm, a single human egg cell divides again and again into many kinds of specialized cells whose structures vary according to the functions they fill. Some nerve cells, for example, are 3 feet long to reach from spine to toe. This is why nerve damage is so hard to repair. Our brain cells never reproduce either (imagine your memory copying itself over and over again?) I don't think we could deal with having many copies of our previous bad experiences. It's better we forget some things that happened to us!) About DNA The DNA around all chromosomes is tightly wound in a helical fashion It is actualy a double helix and thus looks like a circular staircase ladder. The macro miniature molecular rungs of this molecular structered DNA carry the genetic code of all life. These molecular rungs are all evenly spaced (as are the steps in a ladder) and are all composed of exactly 4 chemically base substances, in various combinations and order. DNA analysis currently being done by the "Celera" and other genomic mapping outfits, have found millions of these combinations in DNA samples and it is listed as it is found in the form: AGCG-TTCG-CA.... etc. Finding every one of the combinations that exist in the DNA helix (ladder rungs) is the key to solving the genome puzzle. Only then, we must understand what it all exactly means. That will be the next step. For example, how proteins fold is still a complete mystery to science and microbiologists. Structures of Histone Proteins and Proteins Containing the Histone Fold Motif Further, it is estimated that only 2% of this code is actually usable or codes for anything at all. ie. The cellular gene expression mechanism only looks at 2% of all 3 gega base pairs of code. The rest of the code referred to in the following ways: Junk DNA Non-coding DNA Secondary DNA Nucleomorph DNA It is still not exactly understood what this (what i will call memory DNA) Junk DNA is for. I will however give my interpretation of what it is. See also: When Junk DNA Isn't Junk (NEW LINK) for cell-structure.tml UniSci -- Jumping Gene Caught In Midair In 3-D View Science Updates -- JUMPING GENES (genetecists curious) Medical Editor Rips Into FDA    It appears the FDA is in the    pocket of the large pharmaceutical    and bio-tech outfits! Big Split Over Jumping Gene Theory. (May 18, 2002)     Some scientists and geneticists     are deeply concerned about the     long term effects of genetic     manipulation. Some worry that     genetic jumps could cause serious     problems in the long term for our     offspring and great grand children!     Specifically, could gene therapy     today to cure illness, cause     mutations in our offspring? Jumping Jordan Gene INABIS '98 - Selfish Behavior of Restriction-modification Gene Complexes and Host Defense by Homologous Recombination Eric Baum Senior Research Scientist, NEC Research Institute, Princeton NJ. Computing with DNA © Also, it has been proven that some of this ©    so called Junk DNA, is actually left ©    over from our pre-historic ancestry. ©    I suspect however, that junk DNA is there for a good ©    bloody reason. i believe that the so called junk DNA ©    is there as a fall back trace back mechanism in order ©    that after time, nature itself can reproduce ©    the same or original being or organism as prior to ©    ( in the case of intense radiation,    the huge sun spot activity or other colamity such as    various other possible celestial explosions ©    which we know have happened in the billions of years ©    of evolution on this earth. Our very existance through millions of ©    years of trial and error, have built this fail safe ©    mechanism into our very genetic structure. Think of ©    the people who survived the herishoma nagasaki atomic ©    blasts. Their children are no longer afflicted with ©    perminent genetic defects, and if some are, their ©    offspring will tend to be back to normal again. ©    It would be interresting to study this to see if ©    my hypothisis is correct. ( think of a backtrace routine ©    on a typical dis-assembly of a routine in programming ) ©    Clearly, backtracing is not the same as natural program ©    progression in dealing with the normal sequence of events! © About RNA RNA works with DNA and performs multiple important tasks. RNA is not in a double helix or even a helix shape. It is rather more linear a molecule. RNA comes in 4 distinct forms mRNA or messanger RNA tRNA or transfer RNA cRNA or catalytic RNA rRNA or ribosomal RNA tRNA decodes information contained in the DNA mRNA carries the genetic information stored in the DNA out of the cell nucleus for protein synthesis. rRNA is involved in protein synthesis cRNA is a catalyst to make all cell processes proceed as fast as possible within the cell. As chemist Ronald Breslow of Columbia University points out, "enzymes work so well that a process that takes 5 seconds (such as reading a sentence) with enzymes -- would take 1500 years without them. Human Chromosomes There exist 23 pairs of chromosomes in the center (nucleus) of each human cell. Each cell (even if it's any one of the some 200+ different cells in all of us) contains the same chromosomes. Also, the genetic code (DNA) wrapped tightly around these same 23 pairs of chromosomes in each cell, is identical. Therefore, in theory at least, a clone of any-one of us can be made from any single cell in our body! Every chromosome of the 23 in each cell is a different size, and has tightly wrapped around it - a portion of the total Genetic code that maintain and control our entire existance. Chromosomes actually are made of a special protein skelleton, which hold and carry (in a very tight manner), all the double helix DNA code during cell division. They are only visible at and just prior to cell division. Otherwise, only the cell nucleus in-which the DNA / RNA and sub-components of the nucleus is seen by powerful microscopes and other special techniques. In other words, chromosomes are the molecular horses that carry our DNA. Cellular reproduction and DNA re-sequencing (MITOSIS) When at first 2 new cells are formed, the chromatids of each original 23 chromosomes unzip in each of the two cells, (2 cells X 23 chromatids = 46 chromatids) and all DNA resides in the cell nucleus and exists as long string(s) of chromatin with 3000MB (mega base pairs) or 3gega base pairs of code to encode for an estimated 60,000 - 80,000 different protein combinations which build, maintain, and control all functions of the organism the cell is a part of. Some even say the earth itself is a very complex organism In this phase (so called the interphase) no chromosomes are visible with any man made electro-microscopes or other optical magnifying devices. At a certain point in a cells life, it receives input - wakeup call - hormone - signal - growth factor and or whatever, that it's time to duplicate. Many processes must be undertaken before the task of duplication can be accomplished. First and formost, a protein scaffolding or skelliton must first be created for each and every one of the 23 chromosomes. This is created by special proteins called histones in the nucleus. There even exists now a complex "Histone Code" in bioscience, which it in itself is very complex, but I'll leave this one out for this introduction to cellular division! Once the scaffold structure is complete, each DNA code sequence belonging to their respective structure, will begin a rapid (due to specific enzyimes to greatly speed up the process), super- coiling onto their chromosome. However; another process also takes place simultaniously. The DNA makes a duplicate copy of itself while doing so. (Note: The two halfs of the Chromatid that make up the actual complete chromosome). Now comes 4 distinct phases to complete the cell division. Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase During the Prophase, the nucleus swells due to the huge size of all of these Chromosome Super-structures. Next comes the Metaphase. The chromosomes move towards the center of the nucleus. Now comes the Anaphase. Here all 46 sister chomatids seperate at their chromosome connection point (the centromere), (remember they have identical DNA tightly wrapped around them like the string in a baseball). 23 sister chomatides take position at one end of the nucleus, and their sister chomatides head for the opposite end of the nucleus. They are held there by some sort of protein glue. The nuclear membrane around the nucleus disappears, the nucleus expands and elongates, and the center of the nucleus begins to contract. As mentioned a protein glue holds the opposite sisters to the opposite sides of the nucleus as the center of the nucleus continues to contract. Once fully closed at the center, a form of bio-scizzor cuts the original cell in two, forming two distinct entities, exactly the same as the original single cell. Finally we get to the so called Telophase. Here, new membranes form around the new nuclei and 2 new cells take shape. Once again, as stated at the beginning of this section, all 23 chromatid in each cell, unzip their DNA into their respective nucleui. Histone Acetylation NHGRI/NCBI Histone Sequence Database Chromatin Structure: Nucleosome Formation and Positioning Variation in Gene / Chromosome Structure ********* ---- ----

Sidebar Comments, links and references The Ultimate Gamble "Genomics" Bio Tinkering, Right or Wrong? Understanding micro units of measure 1 nano    (1n) is 1/1000000000 or 0.000000001    so: 1nm (meter) is 0.000000001 meters 1 micro    (1u) is 1/1000000 or 0.000001     so: 1um (meter) is 0.000001 meters Here are some examples of real world elements size 000.1nm (size of one hydrogen atom) 000.8nm (the size of one amino acid 002.0nm (DNA Alpha Helix filament © 004.0nm (DNA Helix filament diameter) 004.0nm (Globular protein) © 010.0um (Human red blood cell) © 100.0um (Human egg cell) ----------------------------------------- meiosis meiosis is cell division of a mothers egg after being fertilized by a spirm (sperm). ----------------------------------------- some DNA facts DNA stands for DeoxyriboNucleicAcid The 4 chemical components that make up the chemical rungs of DNA are called: Adenine(A) Guanine(G) Cytosine(C) Thymine(T) The above 4 simple components, make up the 3000 Million or 3 Billion instructions of genetic code which bio-genetic engineers are currently still in the process of mapping. Valid DNA code (2% of the total) falls between the so called "Start Codon" and "Stop Codon". Although in genetic mapping all code is analysed, it has been found that the code that does not fall between the genetic markers "Start Codon" and "Stop Codon" seems useless. A base compound is one that is chemically (ph > 7) a base -- vs. an acid, which has chemically acid nature (ph < 7). The 4 components listed above are all chemically - bases. --------------------------------------- RNA stands for RiboNucleicAcid. some chromosome facts A chromatid is 1/2 a pair of a complete chromosome. Normally a chromosome has 2 identical parts to it, but prior to cell duplication, the chromosome pair split apart and become known as chromatids. Estimated Sizes of Human Chromosomes Site. (Last Updated January 21) Of the 23 Human Chromosomes that exist, the largest one is #1 and it has a length of ~10um (10/1000000) of a meter. The smalest chromosome is #21 and it has a length of ~2um (2/1000000) meter The human red blood cell has a diameter of approximately ~10.0um. The smallest chromosone is chromosome #21, and it has a length of ~2um. The largest is chromosome #1 and has an approximate length of ~10um. There exists approximatly 1.7m (meters) of genetic DNA code in total within each cell. A helical shape is one that has the shape of a slinky toy or spring ---------------------------------------- some facts on how a cells divide Valid DNA code falls between the so called "Start Codon" and "Stop Codon". Although in genetic mapping all code is analysed, it has been found that much of it seems useless? All Rights Reserved © Copyright The section below, is the authors own point of view and is Copyright ©. I strongly believe, contrary to many bio-scientists, that not only is the DNA (see below) a chemical instruction set to build proteins, but it is in fact an electro-chemical brain and molecular clock. Weather the 23 DNA strings from all 23 chromosomes join together or plug into some nucleus receptors is not really known. I however would assume maybe both or some combination there-of does happen, otherwise how the heck could anything as magnificent as ourselves or any other organism for that matter exist and evolve, etc. Further, I strongly believe that it (DNA) must be plugged into the nucleus physically, in order for it to at least receive if not respond to small electric signals from (at least the rest of the cell it is contained in), perhaps surrounding cells. This i feel, would be necessary to maintain cohesion with the whole cellular structure it is part of, and that surrounds it. The electo-magnetic spectrum of earth itself I feel it is not for nothing, that it has been recently found, that the DNA strands of chromatin are very good conductors of electricity. ----------------------------------------- It has been recently found that DNA can conduct electric current, thus it is currently thaught that many technological uses can be made of this characterisitic. Man-made DNA could yield a whole new industry. Since that time and my conviction of cellular electrical communications, (at or on 02/02/2002) it has been further found 06/02/2002: New Scientist: Silicon and cells *** Diary *** this would correspond to the formation of Ca,Na,K,Cl currents between cell interior and exterior and would be made possible by ion channels serving as Josephson    In this kind of situation one can have resonance leading to a generation of nerve pulse.    Quantum jumps leading from a localized magnetically confined harmonic oscillator n=0    Ground state inside axon to n= 1, 3, 5,.. state localized outside the axon would occur resonantly:    this would correspond to the formation of Ca,Na,K,Cl currents between cell interior and exterior and would be made possible by ion channels serving as Josephson junctions. Classically these transitions correspond to quantum jumps between circular orbits around magnetic field associated with axon with radius of orbit proportional to sqrt(n). Note: Superconductivity is possible only in direction of magnetic flux (axon) but not otherwise. Bioelectromagnetism: Principles       and Applications of Bioelectric and Biomagnetic Fields Transcranial magnetic stimulation: using a law of physics to treat psychopathology [JPN - March 1999] ORMUS Related Scientific References It is shown that the coherent electric longitudinal vibrations predicted by Froelich and experimentally detected by Webb in living cells, actually obey nonlinear optical laws. These vibrations might form a network of filaments within cells. Water inside living cell cytoplasm fluctuates between phases of disordered liquid (solution: "sol") and ordered solid (gelatinous:"gel") determined by polymerization of the actin cytoskeleton. Cycles of sol-gel transformations are important in fundamental cellular processes (movement, growth, mitosis, synapse formation, etc.) and are regulated by calcium, which in turn may be regulated by other cytoskeletal structures such as microtubules. Sol-gel transformations are close to the nature of life, and of consciousness enigmatic phenomena for which quantum coherence has been suggested as an explanatory mechanism. Bioelectromagnetism: Principles and Applications of Bioelectric and Biomagnetic Fields Genome Rivals' Genteel Soiree       The researchers seemed to agree       that the software now available       that for analyzing genomic       data simply isn't adequate.       "Each genome has its own       mysteries." "We know that the       mouse assembly I       reported on is not perfect.       We will continue       to optimize the algorithm,"       Sutton said. Interesting Facts:     Cool Facts -       Most living cells contain       a nucleus, a semi-enclosed       compartment where the cell's       DNA (genetic material) is       stored, but bacteria just have a       single, looped DNA molecule,       tangled into a mass called the       nucleoid.       There are over 62,000 miles       (99,780 kilometers)       of veins,arteries, and       capillaries inside of each of us.       The Smallest Genome -->       A bacterium       of the genus Mycoplasma has the       smallest number of genes of any       known self-reproducing organism.       (Some viruses have fewer genes,       but they need to use another       cell's DNA machinery to       reproduce.) Gene Therapy Tristan da Cunha.       One-third of the population has       asthma also the population       is extreemly inbread. HOME SITEEditor & Chris Meyer: Please contact me at that site via e-mail The Ultimate Gamble! genome, genetic sequencing, Bio-Technology, Bio-Engineering, Proteins, gambling on genetic drugs, HGP, Bio-Ethics, Viagra, etc.   Studied extensively about PERL and it's heavy use in the HGP Prior to writing "The Ultimate Gamble" site. Research includes list below. CN's bioinformatics & other WWW training links ie. DBMS, bio-sequence search sites, protein pattern searching, gene finding, general bio-info    Below is a list of some of the topics    covered on the site:      Protein structure/homology modeling      Sequence comparison      Barton tutorial pages      3D molecular structure viewers      Lists of bioinformatics sites      Tool-center pages (list of biotech      tools) DNA micro arrays      Genome-scale analysis      Gene regulation      Perl in bioinformatics      International nucleotide sequence      database collaboration Perl 5 by Example: Introduction How Perl Saved the Human Genome Project. Problems encountered with perl (bio dot perl dot org) Sequences of related Proteins Using 3 sequencing techniques. (SAM-T98, PSI-BLAST, and Intermediate Sequence Search (ISS) procedures.    (SCOP) structural classification of proteins database. In Silico Biology - Articles and databases (predictions and databases of protein folding, behavior, and characteristics) DNA-RNA, Protein Folding, Bio-technology, On-Line Training Alternate Medical Site ie. MCT OIL and cancer fighting Fucoidan      With JavaScript slide show! Cancer fighting Fucoidan info site --> ========================================== Structure and Mechanism in Protein Science: A Guide to Enzyme Catalysis and Protein Folding Protein Folding: 21 Questions Protein Folding - 21 Questions Bioseparation of Proteins: Unfolding/Folding and Validations-1st ed. Bioseparation of Proteins Guidebook to Molecular Chaperones and Protein-Folding Catalysts-1st ed. Guidebook to Molecular Chaperones Protein Structure, Stability, and Folding-1st ed. Protein Structure, Stability, and Folding Workshops on Monte Carlo Approach to Biopolymers and Protein Folding Workshops on Monte Carlo Approach to Biopolymers and Protein Folding Homology Folding of Proteins : Application to Cytokine Engineering-1st ed. Homology Folding of Proteins : Application to Cytokine Engineering Protein Folding Kinetics: Biophysical Methods-1st ed. Protein Folding Kinetics Lattice Models of Protein Folding, Dynamics and Thermodynamics-1st ed. Lattice Models of Protein Folding, Dynamics and Thermodynamics Mechanisms of Protein Folding-2nd ed. Mechanisms of Protein Folding The Amphipathic Helix-1st ed. The Amphipathic Helix Biocatalyst Design for Stability and Specificity Biocatalyst Design for Stability and Specificity Mechanisms of Protein Folding-2nd ed. Mechanisms of Protein Folding Old and New Views of Protein Folding: Proceedings of the 24th Taniguchi International Symposium, Division of Biophysics, Held in Kisarazu Old and New Views of Protein Folding Prolyl Hydroxylase, Protein Disulfide Isomerase, and Other Structurally Related Proteins-1st ed. Prolyl Hydroxylase Protein Folding in the Cell (Advances in Protein Chemistry Protein Folding in the Cell Protein Folding in Vivo and in Vitro Protein Folding in Vivo and in Vitro Protein Folding Mechanisms: Advances in Protein Chemistry Protein Folding Mechanisms Protein Folding Problem and Tertiary Structure Prediction-1st ed. Protein Folding Problem Protein Folds: A Distance Based Approach-1st ed. Protein Folds Protein Refolding Protein Refolding Protein Stability and Folding: A Collection of Thermodynamic Data-1st ed. Protein Stability and Folding Protein Stability and Folding: Theory and Practice, Vol. 40-1st ed. Protein Stability and Folding Recent Developments in Theoretical Studies of Proteins, Vol. 7 Recent Developments in Theoretical Studies of Proteins Statistical Mechanics, Protein Structure, and Protein Substrate Interactions Statistical Mechanics, Protein Structure, and Protein Substrate Interactions

Timely books with great pictures

Wundheilung durch sterile 

Fliegenlarven:mechanische, 

biochemische und mikrobiologischeGrundlagen


Wound healing the alternative and right way

wound healing by sterile fly larvae:

The mechanics, biochemistry, microbiobiological underpinings.

The underpinnings and essance of working with nature in a hospital.

Enzymes that clean proteins, wounds caused by bacteria, etc.



blowfly larvae anti infection




Therapies MUCH better than todays antibiotics/antivirals

Have existed and been used for hundreds if not thousands

of years.

Such as th anti-bacterial skill of th blow-fly larvae.

THOUGH MEDICINE IS RARELY PRETTY, MOST PEOPLE FIND A PILL 

infinitely more attractive than a maggot or a leech, or a 

worm, or a bee. But these creatures may provide treatment 

options when standard treatment needs help, or is not working.



In 1999, Dr. Steve Thomas and researchers at the Princess of 

Wales Hospital in Bridgend, Wales, reported that maggots were 

able to clear up methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus 

(MRSA) infections, which are major problems in many hospitals. 

Thomas reported that after 48 hours of maggot therapy, five 

MRSA-infected lesions that had failed to respond to weeks of 

conventional treatment were MRSA-negative and healing well.






Medicinal Maggots: An Ancient Remedy

for Some Contemporary Afflictions.

Abstract Certain fly larvae can infest corpses or the wounds 

of live hosts. Those which are least invasive on live hosts 

have been used therapeutically, to remove dead tissue from 

wounds, and promote healing. This medicinal use of maggots 

is increasing around the world, due to its efficacy, safety 

and simplicity. Given our low cultural esteem for maggots, 

the increasing use and popularity of maggot therapy is 

evidence of its utility. Maggot therapy has successfully 

treated many types of chronic wounds, but much clinical 

and basic research is needed still. In this review, the 

biology of myiasis and the history of maggot therapy are 

presented, the current status of our understanding and 

clinical use of medicinal maggots is discussed, and 

opportunities for future research and applications are 

proposed.



-----------------------------------------





B&N Cells:

Life Script: How the Human Genome Discoveries Will

      Transform Medicine and Enhance Your Health

Haematopoietic and Lymphoid Cell Culture
Cell Lineage and Fate Determination
Cell and Molecular Biology of the Testis
Flow Cytometry and Cell Sorting
Dictionary of Cell and Molecular Biology
Cell Biological Applications of Confocal Microscopy, 

       Second Edition (Methods in Cell Biology, Volume 70)

Hematopoietic Stem Cell Protocols
Cell Lineage and Embryo Patterning
Cell Cycle Effects of Drugs
Marrow Stromal Cell Culture
T Cell Protocols: Development and Activation
The Neuron: Cell and Molecular Biology
Doctor Who: The Ancestor Cell
Illustrated Intro to Ultrastructure Cell
The Cell: A Molecular Approach with Cdrom
Hematopoietic Stem Cell Therapy
History of Organ and Cell Transplantation
Protocols for Neural Cell Culture
Molecular Biology of the Cell and the Hypercell
Calcium in Cell Cycles and Cancer
Progress in Cell Cycle Research
Sphingolipid Metabolism and Cell Signaling

-----------------------------------------------------------
HostName : 203.177.177.93
IP : 203.177.177.93
Last Visit : New
ISP: GLOBE TELECOM
Country: PHILIPPINES
Region/State: -
City: -
Domain: United States
Language: English US
Browser: MSIE [Win 98]
Screen Res: 800x600 65,536 colors (16 bit)
Javascript: Enabled
Page Views: 3
Daily Visits: 1
Visit Length: 26 minute(s) 18 second
Entry Page: dna-rna.html
Exit Page: cell-structure.html
Navigation Report
Time Page
3:45 dna-rna.html
3:45 Unknown
4:11 cell-structure.html

Referring URL: